Figures of Speech
Simile
2 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: A direct comparison between two distinct things using explicit connective words like "as" or "like".
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
My Mother at Sixty-SixClass 12 CBSE (Flamingo)
"...her face ashen like that of a corpse..."
💡 Analysis: Compares the pale, bloodless face of the poet's aging mother directly to a dead corpse using the connective word "like", symbolizing approaching death.
DaffodilsClass 9 / 10 ICSE & CBSE
"I wandered lonely as a cloud / That floats on high o'er vales and hills..."
💡 Analysis: Compares the solitary wandering of the poet to a single isolated cloud floating high above hills using "as".
Figures of Speech
Metaphor
2 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: An implicit or hidden comparison between two unrelated things sharing common characteristics, without using "like" or "as".
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
The Road Not TakenClass 9 CBSE (Beehive)
"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood..."
💡 Analysis: The "two roads" serve as an extended metaphor for the life choices and career decisions a person must make.
A Thing of BeautyClass 12 CBSE (Flamingo)
"A bower quiet for us, and a sleep / Full of sweet dreams..."
💡 Analysis: Compares beautiful natural creations to a peaceful "bower" (shaded shelter under trees) providing eternal tranquility.
Figures of Speech
Personification
2 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: Attributing human qualities, emotions, or intentional actions to inanimate objects, animals, or abstract ideas.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
DaffodilsClass 9 / 10 Literature
"Ten thousand saw I at a glance, / Tossing their heads in sprightly dance."
💡 Analysis: Gives the yellow daffodil flowers the human ability to dance joyfully and toss their heads in celebration.
My Mother at Sixty-SixClass 12 CBSE
"...trees sprinting, the merry children spilling..."
💡 Analysis: Attributes the human action of "sprinting" to young roadside trees passing by the moving car.
Sound Devices
Alliteration
2 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: The repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in closely positioned or consecutive words.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Keeping QuietClass 12 CBSE (Flamingo)
"...clean clothes...", "...sudden strangeness..."
💡 Analysis: Repetition of the initial /k/ sound in "clean clothes" and the initial /s/ sound in "sudden strangeness" creates poetic rhythm.
The Road Not TakenClass 9 CBSE
"Because it was grassy and wanted wear..."
💡 Analysis: Repetition of the initial consonant sound /w/ in "wanted wear".
Structural Devices
Anaphora
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: The deliberate repetition of a specific word or phrase at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Keeping QuietClass 12 CBSE
"Let's not speak in any language, / let's stop for one second..."
💡 Analysis: Repetition of the phrase "Let's..." at the beginning of consecutive lines emphasizes collective human pause.
Figures of Speech
Hyperbole
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: An intentional, extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or comedic effect, not meant to be taken literally.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
DaffodilsClass 9 / 10 Literature
"Ten thousand saw I at a glance..."
💡 Analysis: Exaggerates seeing ten thousand flowers instantaneously to convey the immense, overwhelming golden field.
Figures of Speech
Oxymoron
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: A figure of speech where two contradictory terms appear together to reveal a deeper truth.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
A Thing of BeautyClass 12 CBSE
"...the grandeur of the dooms / We have imagined for the mighty dead..."
💡 Analysis: Pairs "grandeur" (glory) with "dooms" (death/destruction) to express the inspiring legacy of fallen heroes.
Figures of Speech
Transferred Epithet
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: An adjective (epithet) grammatically qualifies a noun other than the person or thing it actually describes.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
My Mother at Sixty-SixClass 12 CBSE
"...young trees sprinting..."
💡 Analysis: The epithet "sprinting" is transferred from the moving automobile passengers onto the stationary roadside trees.
Imagery & Symbolism
Imagery & Symbolism
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: Descriptive language that appeals to the physical senses (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory) to evoke vivid mental pictures.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
A Thing of BeautyClass 12 CBSE
"An endless fountain of immortal drink, / Pouring unto us from the heaven's brink."
💡 Analysis: Creates visual and spiritual imagery of nature as a divine, overflowing fountain of eternal life.
Structural Devices
Irony
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: A contrast between expectation and reality, where the outcome or meaning is opposite to what is expressed.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
A Tiger in the ZooClass 10 CBSE (First Flight)
"He stalks in his vivid stripes / The few steps of his cage..."
💡 Analysis: Irony lies in a majestic apex predator who belongs in the wild jungle being helplessly confined to a narrow concrete cell.
Sound Devices
Repetition
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: Repeating words or phrases to emphasize a central emotional theme or reinforce rhythmic cadence.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
My Mother at Sixty-SixClass 12 CBSE
"...and all I did was smile and smile and smile..."
💡 Analysis: Repetition of "smile" underscores the poet's desperate attempt to hide her overwhelming fear of losing her mother.
Structural Devices
Enjambment
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: The continuation of a sentence without a pause or punctuation mark beyond the end of a line or stanza.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
The Road Not TakenClass 9 CBSE
"And sorry I could not travel both / And be one traveler, long I stood..."
💡 Analysis: The thought flows across line breaks without punctuation, reflecting the continuous internal struggle of decision-making.
Figures of Speech
Synecdoche
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Keeping QuietClass 12 CBSE
"...put on clean clothes and walk about with their brothers..."
💡 Analysis: "Clean clothes" represents a part of human attire used to symbolize an entire clean, purified mindset free of hatred.
Structural Devices
Antithesis
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: Placing two contrasting or opposing ideas in close proximity within parallel grammatical structures.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Keeping QuietClass 12 CBSE
"I want no truck with death... Life is what it is about..."
💡 Analysis: Contrasts quiet introspection (living stillness) with permanent physical death to clarify that stillness is not inactivity.
Sound Devices
Onomatopoeia
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: Words whose sounds imitate the natural noise of the action or object they describe.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
The BrookClass 9 Literature
"I chatter, chatter, as I flow / To join the brimming river..."
💡 Analysis: The word "chatter" phonetically mimics the bubbling sound of water flowing over pebbles.
Sound Devices
Assonance
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: The repetition of prominent internal vowel sounds in non-rhyming neighboring words.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Keeping QuietClass 12 CBSE
"...victory with no survivors..."
💡 Analysis: Repetition of the vowel sound /i/ in "victory", "with", "no", "survivors" creates musical resonance.
Sound Devices
Consonance
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: The repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of neighboring words.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
A Tiger in the ZooClass 10 CBSE
"Stalks in his vivid stripes / On pads of velvet quiet..."
💡 Analysis: Repetition of the consonant /s/ sound creates a quiet, tense whispering tone reflecting the caged tiger.
Structural Devices
Refrain
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: A line or group of lines repeated at regular intervals throughout a poem, usually at the end of stanzas.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
The BrookClass 9 Literature
"For men may come and men may go, / But I go on forever."
💡 Analysis: Repeated refrain emphasizing the eternal nature of natural rivers compared to transient human lives.
Figures of Speech
Apostrophe
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: Addressing an absent person, an abstract quality, or an inanimate object as if it were present and capable of listening.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Amanda!Class 10 CBSE (First Flight)
"Don't bite your nails, Amanda! / Don't hunch your shoulders, Amanda!"
💡 Analysis: Direct imperative address to Amanda by her nagging parent, creating intense personal dramatic presence.
Structural Devices
Paradox
1 NCERT Poem ExamplesDefinition: A seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement that, upon closer inspection, reveals a profound truth.
NCERT Poem Line Analyses:
Keeping QuietClass 12 CBSE
"Perhaps the earth can teach us / as when everything seems dead / and later proves to be alive."
💡 Analysis: The paradox that apparent total stillness (death of winter) leads to vibrant re-growth (life of spring).